LoRaWAN

LoRaWAN, which stands for Long Range Wide Area Network, is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-power IoT devices. It enables secure and scalable data transmission over long distances while consuming minimal power. This makes it well-suited for widespread use in smart cities, industrial IoT, and agricultural applications.

This document describes LoRaWAN protocol support and payload structure for data transmission.

Protocol Specifications

The latest firmware complies with the following LoRaWAN specifications.

Property	Value
LoRaWAN Version	1.0.4
Regional Parameters Version	RP002 Regional Parameters 1.0.4
Available Frequency Plans	EU868 (Europe) US902-928 (USA, Canada, and South America)

Payload Format

Uplink Frame Ports

The frame port is a data frame field specifying the application-specific commands or data payload type. For instance, Device firmware uses the frame port field to tell the payload formatter how to decode the transmitted message.

Frame Port	Event	Description
1	System	Device state
2	Telemetry	Periodic sensor readouts
3	Telemetry Alert	Alarm state
4	Telemetry Log	Periodic historical sensor readouts

Uplink Payload Structure

The firmware may dynamically change the telemetry payload according to its sensor configuration. Each sensor reading data, e.g., vibration, contains 4 bytes. This structure includes sensor type, statistics mode, and 24-bit sensor reading.

For example, the firmware encodes an average of 100 Hz vibration on the x-axis as 00111001 00000001 10000110 10100000 where; - Bits [31:26] indicate the sensor data type (x-axis vibration), - Bits [25:24] indicate the statistics type (average), - And bits [23:0] indicate sensor reading (100,000 Hz).

When the device reads more than one sensor data, it adds another 4-byte structure with the same logic for each reading. The illustrated sensor data structure is as follows.

Uplink Payload Structure

Sensor Data

Bits	Data	Description
[31:26]	Data Type	Sensor readout type, e.g., temperature or light intensity
[25:24]	Statistics Type	Statistical type of the readout, e.g., actual, average, min, or max
[23:0]	Value	Sensor readout

Data Types

Position: Bits [31:26]

Index	Data Type	Signed	Fraction	Unit	Description
0	Null / Terminator	N/A	N/A	N/A	Indicates no reading
1	Temperature	Yes	4	C	Ambient temperature
2	Relative Humidity	No	4	%	Ambient relative humidity
3	Pressure	No	4	hPa	Air pressure
4	Gas Estimation	No	4	%	Classified gas estimation
5	IAQ	No	4	AQI	Indoor air quality index
6	VOC	No	4	ppm	Volatile organic compounds
7	NOx	No	2	ppb	Nitrogen oxides index
8	CO2	No	2	ppm	CO2
9	Particulate Matter	No	2	μm	Particles in the air
10	Dew Point	Yes	4	C	Dew Point
11	VPD	No	4	kPa	Vapor Pressure Deficit
12	Visible Light	No	0		Human visible light
13	IR Light	No	0		Infrared light
14	UV Index	No	4	UV Index	Ultraviolet index
15	Light Custom	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
16	Angle	Yes	4	deg	Device angle
17	Vibration	No	4	Hz	Vibration of the device
18	RPM	No	2	Ticks	Revolutions per minute
19	Speed	No	4	Km/h	Current speed
20	Latitude	Yes	4	deg	Current latitude
21	Longitude	Yes	4	deg	Current longitude
22	Altitude	Yes	2	m	Current altitude
23	Heading	Yes	4	deg	Current heading
24	Weight	No	0	g	Measured weight
25	Distance	No	0	mm	Distance to an object
26	Contact	No	0	bits	Contact sensor state
27	Movement Detect	No	0	bits	PIR sensor state
28	Wind Speed	No	4	Km/h	Current wind speed
29	Wind Direction	Yes	4	deg	Current wind degree
30	Precipitation	No	2	mm	Current rainfall
31	Soil Moisture	No	4	%	Soil moisture level
32	Water Flow	No	0	Ticks	Amount of water flow
33	Water Conductivity	No	0	µmhos/cm	Water EC
34	pH	No	4	pH	Water pH
35	Salinity	No	4	ppt	Concentration of salt in water
36	TDS	No	4	ppm	Total dissolved solids
37	Water Custom 1	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
38	Water Custom 2	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
39	Water Custom 3	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
40	Voltage	No	4	V	Voltage reading
41	Current	No	2	A	Current passing
42	Frequency	No	4	Hz	Mains frequency
43	Real Power	No	2	W	Energy consumption
44	Apparent Power	No	2	VA	Voltage Current
45	Reactive Power	No	2	VAR	Voltage-Current phase shift
46	Power Factor	No	4	%	Real power ratio
47	Phase Angle	No	4	deg	Angular time-shift
48	Custom 1	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
49	Custom 2	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
50	Custom 3	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
51	Custom 4	No	0	N/A	Application specific data
52	Sound Pressure	Yes	4	dB	Sound pressure
53	Solar Radiation	No	2	W/m²	Solar power to panel area ratio
54	Probe Temperature	Yes	3	C	Probe temperature
55	Probe Pressure	No	2	hPa	Probe pressure input
56	UID	No	0	Bytes	Unique Id
57	Time	No	0	N/A	Event timestamp
58	Battery Voltage	No	4	V	Battery input Voltage
59	Solar Voltage	No	4	V	Solar panel input Voltage
60	Counter	No	0	Ticks	Digital input change counter
61	Duty Cycle	No	4	%	Digital input duty cycle
62	Analog Input	No	4	V	Analog input reading
63	Digital Input	No	0	Bits	Digital input port state

Statistics Types

Position: Bits [25:24]

Index	Statistics Type	Description
0	Actual	Latest sensor reading
1	Average	Average of the historical data
2	Minimum	Minimum of the historical data
3	Maximum	Maximum of the historical data

Value

Position: Bits [23:0]

The value field carries the actual sensor readout. The payload formatter encodes the value according to the "signed" and "fraction" specifications of the data type.

Uplink Payload Formatter

Use the following Javascript code as the custom payload formatter script.

Uplink Payload Formatter

// Enginique Uplink Payload Formatter Version 1.3.4
function decodeUplink(input) {
    let addFraction = (n, d) => n / (10 ** d);
    let decodeReadingId = (d) => d >> 2;
    let decodeStatisticsId = (d) => d & 0x03;

    let data = {};

    // Events
    const events = {
        2: "telemetry",
        3: "telemetry alert",
        4: "telemetry log"
    };

    // Reading structures (type, signed, fraction)
    const readingStructures = {
        0: ["null", false, 0],
        1: ["temperature", true, 4],
        2: ["relative_humidity", false, 4],
        3: ["pressure", false, 4],
        4: ["gas_estimation", false, 4],
        5: ["iaq_index", false, 4],
        6: ["voc", false, 4],
        7: ["nox_index", false, 2],
        8: ["co2_concentration", false, 2],
        9: ["particulate_matter", false, 2],
        10: ["dew_point", true, 4],
        11: ["vpd", false, 4],
        12: ["visible_light", false, 0],
        13: ["ir_light", false, 0],
        14: ["uv_index", false, 4],
        15: ["light_custom", false, 0],
        16: ["angle", true, 4],
        17: ["vibration", false, 4],
        18: ["rpm", false, 2],
        19: ["speed", false, 4],
        20: ["latitude", true, 4],
        21: ["longitude", true, 4],
        22: ["altitude", true, 2],
        23: ["heading", true, 4],
        24: ["weight", false, 0],
        25: ["distance", false, 0],
        26: ["contact", false, 0],
        27: ["movement_detection", false, 0],
        28: ["wind_speed", false, 4],
        29: ["wind_direction", true, 4],
        30: ["precipitation", false, 2],
        31: ["soil_moisture", false, 4],
        32: ["water_flow", false, 0],
        33: ["water_conductivity", false, 0],
        34: ["ph", false, 4],
        35: ["salinity", false, 4],
        36: ["tds", false, 4],
        37: ["water_custom_1", false, 0],
        38: ["water_custom_2", false, 0],
        39: ["water_custom_3", false, 0],
        40: ["voltage", false, 4],
        41: ["current", false, 2],
        42: ["frequency", false, 4],
        43: ["real_power", false, 2],
        44: ["apparent_power", false, 2],
        45: ["reactive_power", false, 2],
        46: ["power_factor", false, 4],
        47: ["phase_angle", true, 4],
        48: ["custom_1", false, 0],
        49: ["custom_2", false, 0],
        50: ["custom_3", false, 0],
        51: ["custom_4", false, 0],
        52: ["sound_pressure", true, 4],
        53: ["solar_radiation", false, 2],
        54: ["probe_temperature", true, 3],
        55: ["probe_pressure", false, 2],
        56: ["uid", false, 0],
        57: ["time", false, 0],
        58: ["battery_voltage", false, 4],
        59: ["solar_voltage", false, 4],
        60: ["counter", false, 0],
        61: ["duty_cycle", false, 4],
        62: ["analog_input", false, 4],
        63: ["digital_input", false, 0]
    };

    // Three-letter statistics type abbreviations
    const statistics = {
        0: "",
        1: "_avr",
        2: "_min",
        3: "_max"
    };

    // Decode frame port
    data.event = events[input.fPort];

    // Sensor data decoding for "telemetry" and "telemetry alert" frame ports
    if (input.fPort == 2 || input.fPort == 3) {
        for (let i = 0; i < input.bytes.length; i += 4) {
            const readingId = decodeReadingId(input.bytes[i]);

            // Stop decoding if data type is null
            if (readingId == 0)
                break;

            // Decode digital input channels
            else if (readingId == 63) {
                for (let j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
                    const prop = (input.bytes[i + 3] >> j) & 1;
                    data[`di${j + 1}`] = prop == 1 ? true : false;
                }
            }

            // Decode other data types
            else {
                // Decode data type
                let prop;
                // If multiple-read data type, e.g., vlt_1, vlt_2
                if ([4,9,16,17,18,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,54,55,60,61,62].includes(readingId))
                {
                    for (let j = 1; j <= 64; j++) {
                        let tempProp = `${readingStructures[readingId][0]}_${j}${statistics[decodeStatisticsId(input.bytes[i])]}`;
                        if (data[tempProp] == null) {
                            prop = tempProp;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
                // If single-read data type, e.g., tmp, pre
                else {
                    prop = `${readingStructures[readingId][0]}${statistics[decodeStatisticsId(input.bytes[i])]}`;
                }

                // Decode value
                const value = (input.bytes[i + 1] << 16) + (input.bytes[i + 2] << 8) + (input.bytes[i + 3]);

                // Get the fraction
                const fraction = readingStructures[readingId][2];

                // Check if the data type is signed
                if (readingStructures[readingId][1]) {
                    // Decode signed data
                    const negative = ((value >> 23) & 1) == 1 ? true : false;
                    data[prop] = addFraction(negative ? -((~(value - 1)) & 0xFFFFFF) : value, fraction);
                }
                else {
                    // Decode unsigned data
                    data[prop] = addFraction(value, fraction);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    return {
        data: data
    };
}